Ukuqothulwa Okukhulu Emlandweni Wokuphila: Ukubaluleka Kwe-Artemis Moon ye-NASA kanye Nemishini Yezokuvikela Yeplanethi Ye-DART  

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokushabalala kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane kuye kwahambisana kusukela kwaqala ukuphila eMhlabeni. Nokho, kube khona okungenani iziqephu ezinhlanu zokushabalala okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kule minyaka eyizigidi ezingu-500 edlule. Kulezi ziqephu, ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezinhlobo ezikhona ziye zaqedwa. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukushabalala komhlaba wonke noma Mass ukushabalala. Okwesihlanu Imisa Ukuqothulwa kwakuyisiqephu sokugcina esinjalo esenzeka eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-65 edlule ngesikhathi seCretaceous. Lokhu kubangelwa umthelela we-asteroid. Izimo ezaba umphumela zaholela ekuqothulweni kwama-dinosaurs ebusweni boMhlaba. Esikhathini samanje se-Anthropocene (okungukuthi, inkathi yesintu), kusolakala ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umhlaba usuphakathi noma ekugcineni kweyesithupha. Imisa Ukushabalala, ngenxa yezinkinga zemvelo ezenziwe umuntu (njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungcola, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukufudumala komhlaba, njll.). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici ezifana nezikhali zenuzi, zebhayoloji noma ezinye izinhlobo zempi/izingxabano, izinhlekelele zemvelo ezinjengokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo noma umthelela we-asteroid nazo zinamandla okubangela ukushabalala okukhulu. Ukusabalala phakathi isikhala ingenye yezindlela zokubhekana nezinselele ezikhona isintu esibhekene nazo. NASAngu-Arthemisi Moon I-Mission iyisiqalo ekujuleni isikhala ukuhlala kwabantu ngokubusa kwamakoloni esikhathini esizayo Moon futhi Mashi. yemihlaba ukuzivikela ngokuphambukisa i-asteroid kude noMhlaba kungenye isu elicatshangelwayo. Umsebenzi we-NASA we-DART isivivinyo sokuqala esinjalo sokuchezuka kwe-asteroid esizozama ukuphambukisa i-Near-Earth asteroid ngenyanga ezayo. 

Imvelo ibilokhu ishintsha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lokhu kube nomphumela onezinhlangothi ezimbili ezinhlotsheni zempilo - kuyilapho ingcindezi yokukhetha engemihle kulabo abangafaneleki ukuphila endaweni imvelo kuholela ekuqothulweni kwazo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakuvuna ukusinda kwezinhlobo zokuphila eziguquguqukayo ngokwanele ukuba zivumelane nezimo ezintsha. Lokhu ekugcineni kwaphumela emvuthwandaba wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane. Ngakho-ke, ukushabalala kanye nokuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zempilo bekufanele kuhambisane, cishe ngaphandle komthungo kusukela ekuqaleni kwempilo emhlabeni. Emhlabeni.  

Nokho, umlando woMhlaba ubungasheleli ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kube nezimo zezehlakalo ezinkulu nezimbi ezibe nomthelela omubi kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zezinto eziphilayo ezibangele ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngezinga elikhulu. 'Ukushabalala komhlaba wonke' noma 'ukushabalala okukhulu' igama elisetshenziswa ukuchaza iziqephu lapho cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona zishabalala ngesikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa sesikhathi sokuma komhlaba. Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-500 edlule, kube khona okungenani izehlakalo ezinhlanu zokushabalala kwenani elikhulu¹.  

Ithebula: Umhlaba, Ukuqothulwa Okukhulu Kwezinhlobo Zezilwane Nobuntu  

Lokhu kushabalala 'Ezinhlanu Ezinkulu' kwachazwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwesizindalwazi mayelana nezinkulungwane zezinsalela zezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle.  

Esikhathini seCambrian (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-541-485 edlule), kwaba nokuqhuma okungalawuleki kwezinhlobo ezintsha zokuphila. Lokhu kwalandelwa UkuQothulwa Kwenqwaba Yempilo Emhlabeni okwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-400 edlule enkathini ye-Ordovician - Silurian. Lokhu kubangele ukushabalala kwezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-85% zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle okubangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngenxa yokuphola komhlaba wonke kolwandle olushisayo okulandelwa ukuncipha kwezinga lolwandle nokulahlekelwa izindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni eziphansi. I-Second Mass Extinction yenzeke eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-365 edlule ngesikhathi se-Devonian okubonakala kubangwa ngenxa yokuncipha kokugcwala komoyampilo wamanzi lapho izinga lolwandle liphezulu. Umsebenzi wentabamlilo njengamanje ucatshangwa njengembangela yokushabalala kwesibili¹.   

I-Third Mass Extinction noma ukushabalala kwePermian-Triassic kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-250 edlule esikhathini sePermian-Triassic. Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi Ukufa Okukhulu ngoba amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-90 ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaqedwa. Lokhu kudalwe ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okunamandla kulandela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke ngokushesha ngenxa yokukhululwa okukhulu kwamagesi abamba ukushisa ikakhulukazi ukwanda okuphindwe kasithupha kweCO.₂ emkhathini^1,2. Lokhu futhi kuchaza imbangela yokushabalala kwenqwaba yesine noma ukushabalala kwe-Triassic-Jurassic eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-210 edlule okwabona ukuqedwa kwezilwane eziningi ezinkulu kwavula indlela yokuba izibankwakazi zichume. Ukuqhuma okukhulu kwentaba-mlilo kubonakala kuyisenzakalo esihlobene nalokhu kuqothulwa okukhulu okubili.  

Ukuqothulwa kwakamuva kakhulu, ukuphela kweCretaceous (noma ukushabalala kwe-Cretaceous-Paleogene noma Ukuqothulwa Kwesihlanu KweMisa) kwenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65.5 edlule. Lokhu kwakungenye yokuqothulwa okukhulu kakhulu emlandweni wempilo okwabona ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwazo zonke izibankwakazi ezingezona ezezinyoni. Kwakukhona kokubili izibankwakazi zezinyoni nezingezona ezezinyoni. Izibankwakazi zezinyoni zazinegazi elifudumele kuyilapho izibankwakazi ezingezona izinyoni zazinegazi elibandayo. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindizayo kanye nama-dinosaurs angewona awezinyoni ashabalale ngokuphelele kuyilapho inzalo ye-phylogenetic yama-dinosaur ezinyoni isaphila kuze kube namuhla, okuphawula ukuphela okungazelelwe kweminyaka yama-dinosaurs. Leso kwakuyisikhathi lapho izinguquko ezinkulu emvelweni zenzeka ngenxa yomthelela we-asteroid enkulu enoMhlaba e-Chicxulub, e-Mexico kanye nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okukhulu okwaphumela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu okubangele ukomisa ukutholakala kokudla okusekelayo. Umthelela we-asteroid awubanganga nje kuphela amagagasi okwethuka, ukushisa okukhulu kanye nama-tsunami, kodwa futhi wakhulula uthuli oluningi nemfucumfucu endaweni. umkhathi okwamisa ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze kufinyelele ebusweni bomhlaba ngakho-ke sekusondele ukuphela kwe-photosynthesis kanye nobusika obude. Ukuntuleka kwe-photosynthesis kwakusho ukubhujiswa kwezitshalo eziyinhloko ezikhiqiza izitshalo ezihlanganisa i-phytoplankton nolwelwe kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane ezithembele.^1,3. Umthelela we-asteroid yiwona owadala ukushabalala kwemvelo kodwa ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo ngaleso sikhathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaba nesandla ekuqothulweni okukhulu ngobumnyama obuqhubekayo nobusika ngokuphonsa izingqimba zentuthu nothuli emkhathini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphinde yabangela ukufudumala kwentaba-mlilo⁴. Ngokuphathelene nokushabalala ngokuphelele kwawo wonke umndeni wama-dinosaurs angewona awezinyoni, ucwaningo lwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zenzalo yezibankwakazi zezinyoni lusikisela ukuthi kwaba khona ukwehluleka ukuzala ngenxa yokuntuleka kukavithamini D3 (cholecalciferol) emibungu ekhulayo emaqandeni eholela ekufeni ngaphambi kwalokho. ukuchanyuselwa⁵.  

Esikhathini samanje se-Anthropocene (okungukuthi, inkathi yesintu), abanye abacwaningi baphikisa ngokuthi I-Sixth Mass Extinction isivele iyaqhubeka ngenxa yezindaba zemvelo ezenziwe umuntu ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungcoliswa komhlaba, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, njll. Lokhu kusekelwe ezilinganisweni zamazinga amanje okushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ezitholakala zisebangeni elifanayo namazinga okushabalala kwezinhlobo zokushabalala okukhulu kwangaphambilini¹. Eqinisweni, imiphumela yolunye ucwaningo iqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga amanje okushabalala kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo aphakeme kakhulu kunamazinga okushabalala kokushabalala kwenqwaba yangaphambili okuyisihlanu okutholwe emlandweni wezinsalela. ^6,7,8 futhi izinhlelo zokongiwa kwemvelo azibonakali zisiza kakhulu⁸. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izici ezenziwe umuntu njengempi yenuzi/inhlekelele enamandla okubangela ukuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi. Izinyathelo ezihlangene zomhlaba wonke kanye nemizamo engaguquki yokunciphisa izikhali, ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokongiwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane nakuba kunjalo, abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi kuncishiswe izinga lebhizinisi labantu, ukuncipha kwenani labantu ngokuqhubeka nokwehliswa kwamazinga okuzalwa kanye nokuphela 'kokukhula. mania'⁹.  

Njengokuqothulwa kokugcina kweCretaceous, noma iyiphi inhlekelele yemvelo yesikhathi esizayo evela ngenxa yemithelela engaba khona isikhala kanye/noma ukuqhuma okukhulu kwentaba-mlilo kungase kubangele inselele enkulu ekhona phambi kwesintu ngoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengazo zonke izintaba-mlilo. planet, Umhlaba uzoba sengozini ngenxa yemithelela evela isikhala (kanye nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo) okuphetha ngokumiswa kwe-photosynthesis ngenxa yobumnyama obude yingakho zonke izitshalo eziyinhloko ezikhiqizayo kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane ezithembele kuzo zizobhekana nokushabalala. 

I-Colonization of deep isikhala kanye nokuchezuka kwama-asteroids aboshwe emhlabeni kude noMhlaba kuyizimpendulo ezimbili zesintu ezingaba khona ezinsongweni ezikhona ezibangelwa imithelela evela isikhala. AmaNASA u-Arthemisi Moon I-Mission iyisiqalo ekujuleni isikhala indawo yokuhlala yabantu yokwenza abantuplanet izinhlobo. Lolu hlelo ngeke ludale ubukhona bomuntu besikhathi eside kuphela nasendaweni ezungezile Moon kodwa futhi afundise izifundo ekulungiseleleni imisebenzi yabantu kanye nezindawo zokuhlala Mashi. Imishini ka-Artemis izokwakha ikamu eliyisisekelo inyanga indawo yokunikeza osomkhathi ikhaya lokuhlala nokusebenza kulo Moon. Lesi kuzoba yisigameko sokuqala sokuphila kwabantu phezu kwesinye isiqu sesibhakabhaka¹⁰. AmaNASA iplanethi I-defense DART Mission isethelwe ukuhlola indlela yokuchezukisa i-asteroid kude noMhlaba. Zombili lezi isikhala ohambweni banesithembiso esikhulu ekwehliseni izinselelo ezikhona esintwini ezidalwe nomthelela ovela isikhala. 

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I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/2208231

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