Abacwaningi e-CERN baphumelele ukubheka ukuhlangana kwe-quantum phakathi "kwe-top quarks" kanye namandla aphezulu. Lokhu kwabikwa okokuqala ngoSepthemba 2023 futhi selokhu kwaqinisekiswa umbono wokuqala nowesibili. Amapheya "ama-quark aphezulu" akhiqizwa e-Large Hadron Collider (LHC) asetshenziswe njengohlelo olusha lokufunda ukuboshwa.
"Ama-quark aphezulu" ayizinhlayiya ezinzima kakhulu eziyisisekelo. Ziyabola ngokushesha zidlulisele i-spin yayo ezinhlayiyeni zayo ezibolayo. I-spin orientation ye-quark ephezulu ithathwa ekubonweni kwemikhiqizo ebolayo.
Ithimba labacwaningi libone ukuboshwa kwe-quantum phakathi “kwe-quark ephezulu” kanye nozakwabo we-antimatter ngamandla angama-teraelectronvolts ayi-13 (1 TeV=1012 eV). Lokhu ukubonwa kokuqala kokubanjwa kwe-quarks (i-quark ephezulu kanye ne-antitop quark) kanye nokubhekwa kwamandla aphezulu kakhulu okubanjwa kuze kube manje.
I-Quantum entanglement emandleni aphezulu isalokhu ingakaze ihlolwe. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuvula indlela yezifundo ezintsha.
Ezinhlayiyeni ezibambene nge-quantum, isimo sezinhlayiyana eyodwa sincike kwezinye kungakhathalekile ukuthi ikude kangakanani kanye nendlela ezihlukanisa ngayo. Isimo se-quantum se-particle eyodwa asikwazi ukuchazwa ngokuzimela kwesimo sabanye eqenjini lezinhlayiya eziboshwe. Noma yiluphi ushintsho kokukodwa, luthonya abanye. Isibonelo, ipheya ye-electron kanye ne-positron evela ekuboleni kwe-pi meson iyabhajwa. Ama-spins awo kufanele afinyelele ekujikelezeni kwe-pi meson ngakho-ke ngokwazi ukuzungeza kwezinhlayiyana eyodwa, siyazi ngokuzungeza kwenye izinhlayiyana.
Ngo-2022, iNobel Prize in Physics yaklonyeliswa u-Alain Aspect, u-John F. Clauser kanye no-Anton Zeilinger ngokuhlolwa kwama-photon abhajwe.
I-Quantum entanglement ibonwe ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene. Ithole izinhlelo zokusebenza ku-cryptography, metrology, ulwazi lwe-quantum kanye ne-quantum computation.
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References:
- I-CERN. Ukukhishwa kwabezindaba - Ukuhlolwa kwe-LHC kwa-CERN kubona ukuboshwa kwe-quantum ngamandla aphakeme kakhulu okwamanje. Ishicilelwe ngomhla ka-18 Septhemba 2024. Itholakala e- https://home.cern/news/press-release/physics/lhc-experiments-cern-observe-quantum-entanglement-highest-energy-yet
- Ukubambisana kwe-ATLAS. Ukubhekwa kokubanjwa kwe-quantum ngama-quark aphezulu kumtshina we-ATLAS. Imvelo 633, 542–547 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07824-z
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| IZIQINISEKISO EZISEMFUNDO - Ukubukeka okusheshayo |
| Izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zihlukaniswa zibe Fermions kanye Bosons ngokusekelwe spin. |
| [AT]. I-FERMIONS inamanani angajwayelekile angamahhafu enombolo ephelele (½, 3/2, 5/2, ….). Lezi izi izinhlayiya zendaba ehlanganisa wonke ama-quark nama-leptons. - landela izibalo ze-Fermi-Dirac, – ube ne-half-odd-integer spin - lalela isimiso sika-Pauli sokungafaki, okungukuthi, ama-fermions amabili afanayo awakwazi ukuhlala endaweni efanayo ye-quantum noma endaweni efanayo emkhathini ngenombolo efanayo ye-quantum. Azikwazi ukuphotha zombili zibheke ohlangothini olufanayo, kodwa zingazungeza ziye kolunye uhlangothi  Ama-fermions ahlanganisa wonke ama-quark nama-leptons, nazo zonke izinhlayiya eziyinhlanganisela ezenziwe ngenombolo eyinqaba yalezi. - Ama-Quarks = ama-quark ayisithupha (phezulu, phansi, isimanga, i-charm, ama-quark aphansi nangaphezulu). - Hlanganisa ukwenza ama-hadroni afana nama-proton nama-neutron. - Awukwazi ukubonwa ngaphandle kwama-hadrons. – I-Leptons = ama-electron + ama-muons + tau + neutrino + muon neutrino + tau neutrino. - 'Ama-electron', 'ama-quarks aphezulu' kanye 'nama-down quarks' izingxenye ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu zayo yonke into endaweni yonke. - Ama-proton nama-neutron awabalulekile kodwa akhiwe 'ama-quarks' kanye 'nama-quarks aphansi' ngakho-ke izinhlayiya eziyinhlanganisela. Ama-proton kanye ne-neutron ngayinye yenziwe ngama-quark amathathu - i-proton iqukethe ama-quark amabili "phezulu" kanye ne-quark eyodwa "phansi" kuyilapho i-neutron iqukethe amabili" phansi" neyodwa "phezulu." Elithi “Phezulu” nelithi “phansi” “Ama-Flavour” amabili, noma izinhlobonhlobo, zama-quark. - Amabhayoni ama-fermions ayinhlanganisela enziwe ngama-quark amathathu, isb, ama-proton kanye nama-neutron angama-baryon. - ama-hadrons akhiwe ngama-quark kuphela, isb, amabhayoni angama-hadrons. |
| [B]. I-BOSONS inamanani aphelele (0, 1, 2, 3, ....) - I-Bosons ilandela izibalo ze-Bose-Einstein; ube ne-integer spin. – eqanjwe ngemuva Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974), okwathi, kanye no-Einstein, bahlakulela imibono eyinhloko ngemuva kwezibalo ze-thermodynamics yegesi ye-boson. - ungalaleli isimiso sika-Pauli sokungabandakanyi, okungukuthi, ama-boson amabili afanayo angahlala endaweni efanayo ye-quantum noma indawo efanayo emkhathini ngenombolo efanayo ye-quantum. Zombili zingaphenduka ziqonde ohlangothini olufanayo, - Ama-Elementary bosons yi-photon, i-gluon, i-Z boson, i-W boson kanye ne-Higgs boson. I-Higgs boson ine-spin=0 kuyilapho i-gauge bosons (okungukuthi, i-photon, i-gluon, i-Z boson, ne-W boson) ine-spin=1. - Izinhlayiya ezihlanganisiwe zingaba ama-bosons noma ama-fermions kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izingxenye zawo. Zonke izinhlayiya eziyinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inani elilinganayo lama-fermions ziyi-boson (ngoba ama-boson ane-integer spin futhi ama-fermions ane-odd half-integer spin). - Wonke ama-mesons angama-bosons (ngoba wonke ama-mama-esons zenziwe ngenani elilinganayo lama-quark nama-antiquarks). Ama-nuclei azinzile anezinombolo ezilinganayo ama-bosons isb, deuterium, helium-4, Carbon -12 njll. - I-bosons eyinhlanganisela futhi ayilaleli isimiso sika-Pauli sokuvala. - Ama-bosons amaningana esimweni esifanayo se-quantum ayahlangana ukuze akhe "I-Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC).” |
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