Embikweni osanda kushicilelwa, ithimba le-Will Lab laseYunivesithi yase-Columbia libika impumelelo ekuweleni umkhawulo we-BEC nokudalwa kwe-Bose-Eienstein condensate (BEC) yama-molecule e-NaCs ezingeni lokushisa elibandayo elingu-5 nanoKelvin (= 5 X 10-9 Kelvin). I-molecule ye-quantum condensate ibizinzile futhi iphila cishe imizuzwana emi-2. Lokhu kuqeda amashumi eminyaka ambalwa ukuphishekela eside BEC yamangqamuzana. Lena impumelelo emangalisayo futhi iyingqopha-mlando kwezesayensi.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi udaba lungaba kwesinye sezifunda ezintathu okuyizi. okuqinile, okuwuketshezi noma igesi kuye ngezimo zangaphandle njengezinga lokushisa nomfutho. Ngokwesibonelo, H2I-O itholakala njengeqhwa, amanzi noma umhwamuko ezimeni ezijwayelekile zangaphandle.
Uma izinga lokushisa lingaphezu kuka-6000–10,000 Kelvin, i-matter ithola ionini bese iphenduka i-plasma, indaba yesine yezwe.
Kungaba yini isimo sodaba uma izinga lokushisa liphansi kakhulu eduze noziro ophelele?
Ngo-1924-25, uSatyendra Nath Bose no-Albert Einstein benza isibikezelo sethiyori ukuthi uma isifuba izinhlayiya (okungukuthi amabhizinisi anenani eliphelele lokuphonswa) apholiswa kuzinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu eduze kukaziro ophelele, izinhlayiya zingahlangana zibe ibhizinisi elilodwa, elikhudlwana elinezici ezabiwe kanye nokuziphatha okubuswa imithetho ye-quantum mechanics. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), lesi sifundazwe kwakucatshangwa ukuthi siyisimo sesihlanu sendaba.
| States of matter | Ibanga lokushisa lokuba khona |
| I-Plasma | ngaphezu kuka-6000–10,000K |
| Gas | Emanzini, ngaphezu kuka-100°C ngomfutho ojwayelekile womkhathi |
| Liquid | Emanzini, phakathi kuka-4°C kuya ku-100°C |
| Solid | Ukuze uthole amanzi, ngaphansi, 0°C |
| I-Bose-Eisenstein condensate (BEC) | Eduze kweziro ngokuphelele Cishe ama-nanoKelkin angama-400 ama-atomic bosons Cishe ama-nanokelvin ama-5 we-molecular BCE {1 nanoKelvin (nK) = 10 -9 Kelvin} Uziro ophelele = 0 kelvin = -273°C |
Isibikezelo sethiyori se-Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), isimo sesihlanu sendaba saba ngokoqobo cishe emashumini ayisikhombisa eminyaka kamuva ngo-1995 lapho u-Eric Cornell noCarl Wieman benza i-BEC yokuqala ngegesi ye-athomu ye-rubidium, futhi ngemva nje kwalokho, uWolfgang Ketterle wakhiqiza i-BEC kugesi lama-athomu e-sodium. Laba abathathu baklonyeliswe ngokuhlanganyela uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics 2001 ″ukuze kuzuzwe i-Bose-Einstein condensation kuma-dilute gases ama-athomu e-alkali, kanye nezifundo zakuqala eziyisisekelo zezakhiwo zama-condensates.".
Umugqa wesikhathi wokuthuthuka kwesayensi yesimo sesihlanu sendaba
| Intuthuko |
| 1924-25: Isibikezelo setiyetha sesimo sesihlanu sendaba. U-Satyendra Nath Bose kanye no-Albert Einstein benza isibikezelo sethiyori sokuthi iqembu lezinhlayiya ze-boson elipholile lifinyelele ku-zero ophelele lizohlangana libe into eyodwa, enkulu kakhulu enezakhiwo nokuziphatha okwabelwana ngazo okunqunywe yimithetho ye-quantum mechanics. |
| 1995: Ukutholakala kwesimo sesihlanu sezinto - ama-BEC okuqala e-athomu adaliwe. Isibikezelo setiyetha sikaBose no-Einstein siba ngokoqobo ngemva kweminyaka engu-70 lapho u-Eric Cornell no-Carl Wieman benza i-BEC yokuqala ngegesi yama-athomu e-rubidium, futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uWolfgang Ketterle wakhiqiza i-BEC egesini lama-athomu e-sodium. |
| Ama-molecular BCEs Ukuphishekela ama-BCE wamangqamuzana adinga ukupholisa okuphezulu ku-nanoKelvin (10-9 Kelvin) uhla |
| 2008: UDeborah Jin noJun Ye apholise igesi yama-molecule e-potassium-rubidium yehle yafika ku-350 nanoKelvin. |
| 2023: Ian Stevenson et al udale igesi yokuqala eyi-ultracold yama-molecule e-sodium-cesium (Na-Cs) ezingeni lokushisa elingu-300 nanoKelvin (nK) esebenzisa inhlanganisela yokupholisa i-laser kanye nokuguqula kazibuthe. |
| 2023: UNiccolò Bigagli et al isebenzise ama-microwave ukuze inwebe isikhathi sokuphila segesi ye-bosonic yama-molecule e-sodium-cesium ukusuka kuma-millisecond ambalwa ukuya ngaphezu komzuzwana owodwa, isinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile sokuwapholisa. Ngesampula yabo ehlala isikhathi eside, behlise izinga lokushisa laba ngu-36 nanoKelvin—ngaphansi nje kwezinga lokushisa elidingekayo ukuze ama-molecule akhe i-BEC. |
| 2024: UNiccolò Bigagli et al idala i-BEC yama-molecular bosons (ama-NaCs molecules) ezingeni lokushisa elibandayo elingu-5 nanoKelvin (nK) |
Kusukela kwatholakala ngo-1995, amalabhorethri emhlabeni wonke kanye nase-International Space Station (ISS) enza njalo ama-BEC e-athomu ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-athomu.
I-molecular I-Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)
Ama-athomu alula, ayingxenye yezinhlangano eziyindilinga ezingenakho ukusebenzisana kwe-polar. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bebelokhu becabanga ukwenza i-Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) ngama-molecule. Kodwa, ukudala ama-BEC ngisho nama-molecule alula enziwe ngama-athomu amabili ezakhi ezihlukene kwakungenakwenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka kobuchwepheshe kuma-molecule apholile kuya kuma-nanoKelvin ambalwa (nK) adingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe i-BEC yamangqamuzana.
Abacwaningi e-Will Lab yase-Columbia University bebelokhu besebenzela ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe be-ultracold. Ngo-2008, bakwazi ukupholisa igesi yama-molecule e-potassium-rubidium cishe ku-350 nanoKelvin. Kwasiza ekwenzeni ukulingisa kwe-quantum nasekufundeni ukungqubuzana kwamangqamuzana ne-quantum chemistry kodwa ayikwazanga ukuwela umkhawulo we-BEC. Ngonyaka odlule ngo-2023, basebenzisa ama-microwave ukuze banwebe isikhathi sokuphila kwegesi ye-bosonic yama-molecule e-sodium-cesium futhi bakwazi ukuzuza izinga lokushisa eliphansi lama-nanoKelvin angu-36 elaliseduze nomkhawulo we-BEC.
Embikweni osanda kushicilelwa, ithimba le-Will Lab laseYunivesithi yase-Columbia libika impumelelo ekuweleni umkhawulo we-BEC nokudalwa kwe-Bose-Eienstein condensate (BEC) yama-molecule e-NaCs ezingeni lokushisa elibandayo elingu-5 nanoKelvin (= 5 X 10-9 Kelvin). I-molecule ye-quantum condensate ibizinzile futhi iphila cishe imizuzwana emi-2. Lokhu kuqeda amashumi eminyaka ambalwa ukuphishekela eside BEC yamangqamuzana. Lena impumelelo emangalisayo futhi iyingqopha-mlando kwezesayensi.
Ukudalwa kwamangqamuzana e-Bose-Einstein condensates (BES) kuzoba nokuhambisana kwesikhathi eside ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo lwe-quantum physics, ukulingiswa kwe-quantum, uketshezi oluningi kanye nokusebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nokusungulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha njengohlobo olusha lwekhompyutha ye-quantum.
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References:
- Bigagli, N., Yuan, W., Zhang, S. et al. Ukubhekwa kwe-Bose-Einstein condensation yama-molecule e-dipole. Imvelo (2024). 03 Juni 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07492-z Inguqulo yokuphrinta ku-arXiv https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.10965
- Columbia University 2024. Izindaba zocwaningo – Ilebhu Ebanda Kakhulu eNew York Inomnikelo Omusha We-Quantum. Kuthunyelwe ngomhla ka-03 Juni 2024. Itholakala e- https://news.columbia.edu/news/coldest-lab-new-york-has-new-quantum-offering
- I-Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe ngeNobel Prize kuPhysics 2001 - I-Bose-Einstein Condensation in Alkali Gases. Itholakala ngo https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-physicsprize2001-1.pdf
- NASA. Isimo Sesihlanu Sodaba. Itholakala ngo https://science.nasa.gov/biological-physical/stories/the-fifth-state-of-matter/
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