Ama-accelerator ezinhlayiyana asetshenziswa njengamathuluzi ocwaningo ocwaningo lomkhathi wakudala kakhulu. Ama-Hadron collider (ikakhulukazi i-CERN's Large Hadron Collider LHC) kanye nama-electron-positron collider ahamba phambili ekuhloleni umkhathi wangaphambili kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa kwe-ATLAS kanye ne-CMS e-Large Hadron Collider (LHC) kwaba yimpumelelo ekutholeni i-Higgs boson ngo-2012. I-Muon collider ingase isetshenziswe kakhulu ezifundweni ezinjalo kodwa akukabi ngokoqobo okwamanje. Abacwaningi manje sebephumelele ukusheshisa i-muon eqondile cishe ku-4% wejubane lokukhanya. Lokhu ukupholisa nokusheshisa kokuqala kwe-muon emhlabeni. Njengokubonakaliswa kobufakazi bomqondo, lokhu kuvula indlela yokufezeka kwe-accelerator yokuqala ye-muon esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Umkhathi wokuqala njengamanje usacwaningwa yi-James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Izinikele ngokukhethekile ocwaningweni ngendawo yakuqala, i-JWST ikwenza lokho ngokucosha amasignali abonakalayo/e-infrared ezinkanyezini zakuqala kanye nemithala eyakhiwe endaweni yonke ngemva kweBig Bang. Muva nje, i-JWST ithole ngempumelelo umthala okude kakhulu i-JADES-GS-z14-0 owakhiwa endaweni yonke yakuqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-290 ngemva kweBig Bang.
Kunezigaba ezintathu zendawo yonke - inkathi yemisebe, inkathi yendaba kanye nenkathi yamanje yamandla amnyama. Kusukela ku-Big Bang kuya eminyakeni engaba ngu-50,000 200, indawo yonke yayibuswa imisebe. Lokhu kwalandelwa yinkathi yendaba. Inkathi yomkhathi yenkathi yendaba eyathatha cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-3 ngemva kweBig Bang kuya eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-XNUMX ngemva kweBig Bang yabonakala ngokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu njengemithala. Lesi sikhathi sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umkhathi wakudala” owenziwa yi-JWST.
“Umkhathi wakudala kakhulu” ubhekisela esigabeni sokuqala sendawo yonke ngemva nje kweBig Bang lapho kushisa kakhulu futhi kubuswa imisebe ngokuphelele. I-Plank epoch iyinkathi yokuqala yenkathi yemisebe eyathatha iBig Bang yaya ku-10.-43 s. Ngezinga lokushisa elingu-1032 K, indawo yonke ibishisa kakhulu kule nkathi. Inkathi yePlack yalandelwa yizinkathi zamaQuark, iLepton, neNuclear; zonke zaphila isikhashana kodwa zibonakala amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu ancipha kancane kancane njengoba indawo yonke yanda.
Ukutadisha okuqondile kwalesi sigaba sokuqala somkhathi akunakwenzeka. Okungenziwa ukwenza kabusha izimo zemizuzu emithathu yokuqala yendawo yonke ngemva kweBig Bang kuma-accelerator ezinhlayiyana. Idatha ekhiqizwe ukushayisana kwezinhlayiya kuma-accelerator/collider inikeza iwindi elingaqondile kumkhathi wokuqala kakhulu.
Ama-Collider angamathuluzi okucwaninga abaluleke kakhulu ku-particle physics. Lena imishini eyisiyingi noma ewumugqa esheshisa izinhlayiya esivinini esikhulu eduze nesivinini sokukhanya futhi izivumele ukuthi zingqubuzane nenye izinhlayiya ezivela ngakolunye uhlangothi noma ngokumelene nethagethi. Ukushayisana kukhiqiza amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu ngokulandelana kwezigidigidi ze-Kelvin (ezifana nezimo ezikhona ezikhathini zakuqala zenkathi ye-radiataion). Amandla ezinhlayiya ezingqubuzanayo ayanezelwa yingakho amandla okungqubuzana eba phezulu aguqulwa abe yindaba ngendlela yezinhlayiya ezinkulu ezazikhona endaweni yonke yakuqala njengokulinganisa kwamandla amakhulu. Ukusebenzisana okunjalo phakathi kwezinhlayiya zamandla aphezulu ezimweni ezazikhona endaweni yonke yakudala kakhulu kunikeza amafasitela ezweni okwakungafinyeleleki kulo nangaleso sikhathi futhi ukuhlaziywa kwemikhiqizo yokushayisana kunikeza indlela yokuqonda imithetho ebusayo ye-physics.
Mhlawumbe, isibonelo esidume kakhulu sokungqubuzana i-CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) okungukuthi, ama-collider amakhulu lapho ama-hadroni (izinhlayiya eziyinhlanganisela ezenziwe ngama-quark kuphela njengama-proton nama-neutron) zishayisana. Ingqubuzana enkulu kunazo zonke futhi enamandla kakhulu emhlabeni ekhiqiza ukushayisana ngamandla angu-13 TeV (teraelectronvolts) okungamandla aphezulu kakhulu afinyelelwe yi-accelerator. Ucwaningo lwemikhiqizo yokushayisana luye lwacebisa kakhulu kuze kube manje. Ukutholwa kwe-Higgs boson ngo-2012 yi-ATLAS kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-CMS e-Large Hadron Collider (LHC) kuyingqopha-mlando kwezesayensi.
Isikali socwaningo sokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiyana sinqunywa amandla esisheshisi. Ukuze uhlole ngezikali ezincane nezincane, umuntu udinga ama-accelerator amandla aphezulu nangaphezulu. Ngakho-ke, kuhlale kukhona ukufuna ama-accelerator anamandla aphezulu kunamanje atholakalayo ukuze kuhlolwe ngokugcwele imodeli evamile ye-particle physics kanye nophenyo ngezikali ezincane. Ngakho-ke, ama-accelerator amasha amaningana amasha asendleleni.
I-CERN's High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL – LHC), okungenzeka ukuthi iqale ukusebenza ngo-2029, yakhelwe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-LHC ngokwandisa inani lokushayisana ukuze kuvunyelwe ukufundwa kwezinqubo ezaziwayo ngemininingwane eyengeziwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Future Circular Collider (FCC) iphrojekthi ye-CERN enesifiso esikhulu sokungqubuzana kwezinhlayiyana ezingaba ngu-100 km umjikelezo wamamitha angu-200 ngaphansi komhlaba futhi ezolandela isuka ku-Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Ukwakhiwa kwayo kungenzeka kuqale ngo-2030s futhi kuzosetshenziswa ngezigaba ezimbili: I-FCC-ee (izilinganiso ezinembayo) izosebenza maphakathi no-2040s kuyilapho i-FCC-hh (amandla aphezulu) iqala ukusebenza ngo-2070s. I-FCC kufanele ihlole ubukhona bezinhlayiya ezintsha, ezisindayo, ezingaphezu kwamandla e-LHC kanye nokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezilula ezisebenzisana ngokubuthakathaka kakhulu nezinhlayiya ze-Standard Model.
Ngakho, iqembu elilodwa lezinhlayiya ezishayisana ku-collider ama-hadroni njengama-proton nama-nuclei ayizinhlayiya eziyinhlanganisela ezenziwe ngama-quark. Lezi zinzima futhi zivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bafinyelele amandla aphezulu njengasendabeni ye-LHC. Elinye iqembu ngeleptons njengama-electron nama-positron. Lezi zinhlayiya zingaphinde zishayisane njengoba kwenzeka ku-Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEPC) kanye ne-SuperKEKB collider. Inkinga eyodwa enkulu nge-electron-positron based lepton collider ukulahlekelwa amandla amakhulu ngenxa yemisebe ye-synchrotron lapho izinhlayiya ziphoqeleka ku-orbit eyindilinga enganqotshwa ngokusebenzisa ama-muons. Njengama-electron, ama-muons ayizinhlayiyana eziyisisekelo kodwa asindayo izikhathi ezingama-200 kunama-electron ngakho-ke ukulahlekelwa amandla kuncane kakhulu ngenxa yemisebe ye-synchrotron.
Ngokungafani nama-hadron collider, i-muon collider ingagijima isebenzisa amandla amancane okwenza i-10 TeV muon collider ihambisane ne-100 TeV hadron collider. Ngakho-ke, ama-muon collider angase afaneleke kakhulu ngemva kwe-High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL - LHC) ekuhloleni amandla aphezulu e-physics vis-a-vis FCC-ee, noma I-CLIC (I-Compact Linear Collider) noma I-ILC (I-International Linear Collider). Uma kubhekwa izikhathi ezinde zokungqubuzana kwamandla esikhathi esizayo, ama-muon collider angaba yithuluzi lokucwaninga elingaba khona ku-particle physics eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ezayo. Ama-Muons angaba usizo ekulinganiseni okunembe kakhulu kwesikhathi kazibuthe (g-2) kanye nomzuzu kagesi we-dipole (EDM) ekuhloleni ngale kwemodeli evamile. Ubuchwepheshe be-muon busebenza nasezindaweni eziningi zokucwaninga ezihlukene.
Nokho, kunezinselelo zobuchwepheshe ekuboneni ukungqubuzana kwe-muon. Ngokungafani nama-haron nama-electron angaboli, ama-muon anesikhathi esifushane sokuphila sama-microseconds angu-2.2 kuphela ngaphambi kokuba abole abe yi-electron ne-neutrino. Kodwa isikhathi sokuphila se-muon sikhuphuka ngamandla asho ukuthi ukubola kwayo kungahlehliswa uma kusheshiswa ngokushesha. Kodwa ukusheshisa ama-muons ngobuchwepheshe kunzima ngoba awanayo isiqondiso noma isivinini esifanayo.
Muva nje, abacwaningi baseJapan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) baphumelele ukunqoba izinselelo zobuchwepheshe be-muon. Baphumelele ukusheshisa i-muon enhle cishe ku-4% wejubane lokukhanya okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni. Lokhu bekuwumboniso wokuqala wokupholisa nokusheshisa kwe-muon enhle ngemva kweminyaka yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bokupholisa nokusheshisa.
I-proton accelerator e-J-PARC ikhiqiza cishe ama-muon ayizigidi eziyi-100 ngomzuzwana. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusheshisa ama-protons asondele eduze kwejubane lokukhanya nokuwavumela ukuthi ashaye i-graphite ukuze akhe ama-pions. Ama-muons akhiwa njengomkhiqizo wokubola we-pions.
Ithimba labacwaningi likhiqize ama-muon amahle anejubane elingaba ngu-30% wejubane lokukhanya futhi lawadubula ku-silica aerogel. Ama-muons avunyelwe ukuthi ahlangane nama-electron ku-silica airgel okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-muonium (i-athomu engathathi hlangothi, efana ne-athomu noma i-athomu mbumbulu ehlanganisa i-muon ephakathi nendawo kanye ne-electron ezungeze i-muon eqondile). Kamuva, ama-electron akhishwa ku-muonium ngokusebenzisa imisebe nge-laser eyanikeza ama-muon amahle apholiselwe cishe ku-0.002% wejubane lokukhanya. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-muons apholile apholile asheshiswa kusetshenziswa insimu kagesi ye-radio-frequency. Ama-muon asheshisiwe adalwe ngaleyo ndlela ayeqondisa ngoba aqala ukusuka eduze kukaziro eba i-muon beam eqonde kakhulu njengoba ayesheshiswa kancane kancane afinyelela cishe ku-4% wejubane lokukhanya. Lesi yingqophamlando kubuchwepheshe be-muon acceleration.
Ithimba labacwaningi lihlela ukuthi ekugcineni lisheshise ama-muons amahle ku-94% wejubane lokukhanya.
***
References:
- Inyuvesi yase-Oregon. Umkhathi Wakuqala - Ngasekuqaleni kukaTim. Itholakala ngo https://pages.uoregon.edu/jimbrau/astr123/Notes/Chapter27.html
- I-CERN. Ukusheshisa isayensi - i-Muon collider. Itholakala ku-https://home.cern/science/accelerators/muon-collider
- J-PARC. Ukukhishwa kwabezindaba – Ukupholisa nokusheshisa kokuqala kwe-muon emhlabeni. Kuthunyelwe ngomhla ka-23 Meyi 2024. Itholakala e- https://j-parc.jp/c/en/press-release/2024/05/23001341.html
- U-Aritome S., et al., 2024. Ukusheshisa kwama-muons amahle nge-cavity ye-radio-frequency. Ukuphrinta kuqala ku-arXiv. Ihanjiswe ngomhla ka-15 Okthoba 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.11367
***
Izihloko ezihlobene
Izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo Ukubukeka okusheshayo. I-Quantum Entanglement phakathi kwe-"Top Quarks" emandleni aphezulu kakhulu abukiwe (I-22 Septhemba 2024).
***
