I-Chinchorro Culture: I-Artificial Mummification Endala Yesintu

Ubufakazi obudala kakhulu be yokufakelwa ukucwiliswa kwezidumbu emhlabeni kuvela kusiko lwangaphambili lweChinchorro lwaseNingizimu neMelika (eNyakatho Chile yamanje) endala kunaleyo EGibhithe cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Ukucwiliswa kwezidumbu zokwenziwa kukaChinchorro kwaqala cishe ngo-5050 BC (kuqhathaniswa no-3600 BC waseGibhithe). 

Yonke impilo iyaphela ngelinye ilanga. Kusukela kudala, abantu bebelwela ukunqoba lo mkhawulo omkhulu wokuba khona kwabantu, nakuba bengokomfanekiso ngokulondolozwa kwabafileyo ngezizathu ezahlukene.  

Isidumbu somholi wamaSoviet uVladimir Lenin sigciniwe¹ cishe ikhulu leminyaka kusukela afa ngo-1924 futhi uboniswa esidlangalaleni eMausoleum kaLenin eRed Square eMoscow. Ngokufanayo, isidumbu somholi waseChina uMao Zedong sigciniwe² cishe ikhulunyaka selokhu ashona ngo-1976 futhi uboniswa esidlangalaleni eMausoleum yaseMao Zedong eTiananmen Square eBeijing. Ngokunokwenzeka, lezi zimo ezimbili zokulondoloza izindikimba zabaholi bezombangazwe ezikhathini zanamuhla zihloselwe ukuqhubekisela phambili izinkumbulo nemibono yabaholi bezwe.  

Njengamanje, abanye abantu bacabanga ngokufa 'njengokumisa' nje kwempilo okungenzeka 'kuqalwe kabusha' kukho Ngokuzayo ngentuthuko kwezesayensi inqobo nje uma umzimba ulondolozwe ngendlela efanele. Alcor I-Life Extension Foundation³ e-Arizona ingenye yenhlangano enjalo esebenzela ukunikeza abafileyo ithuba lokuphinde baphile ngokusebenzisa i-cryopreservation ngokugcina umzimba (noma ubuchopho) ku-nitrogen ewuketshezi cishe -300 degrees Fahrenheit, kusetshenziswa indlela yokumisa i-cryonic engavumela ukuncibilika nokuvuswa kabusha endaweni. esikhathini esizayo lapho kusungulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha obufanelekile.  

Ezikhathini zasendulo, amasiko amaningana ase-Asia naseMelika ayenomkhuba wokucwilisa abafileyo ngokwenziwa. Mhlawumbe, edume kakhulu phakathi kwabo yindaba yaseGibhithe lasendulo, lapho umkhuba wokucwiliswa kwezidumbu ngamabomu waqala cishe ngo-3,600 BC. Izidumbu zezidumbu zaseGibhithe zisamangaza emhlabeni wonke ngobudala bazo, ubukhulu kanye nobuhle obuhambisana nazo. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babengcweti kumasu okucwiliswa kwezidumbu ngoba ukugcinwa komzimba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuwukhiye wokufinyelela ukuphila okuphakade. ngemva kokufa. Umqondo wawuwukuthi ka (umphefumulo) uyaphuma emzimbeni lapho umuntu esefile, futhi wawungabuyela emzimbeni oshonile kuphela uma umzimba wawulondolozwe kahle ekuboleni.⁴. Ngakho-ke, izidumbu zaMakhosi namaQueen aseGibhithe lasendulo nezinye eziphakeme nezinamandla zacwiliswa izidumbu ngokulandela izinqubo ezithile zomngcwabo futhi zagqitshwa ngobuhle obumangalisayo emibhoshongweni ephakeme. Amathuna kanye nezinsalela ezigciniwe zofaro njengeNkosi uRamesses II kanye nenkosi encane uTutankhamun aziwa kabanzi ngobudala nobukhazikhazi bawo, kangangokuthi abantu bacabanga ngeGibhithe kuphela uma kukhulunywa igama elithi mummy.   

Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi obudala kakhulu bokucwiliswa kwezidumbu zokwenziwa emhlabeni buvela esikweni sangaphambi komlando saseChinchorro yaseNingizimu Melika (esikhona manje eNyakatho Chile) endala kunokucwiliswa kwezidumbu kwaseGibhithe cishe ngezinkulungwane ezimbili zeminyaka. Ukucwiliswa kwezidumbu zokwenziwa kukaChinchorro kwaqala cishe ngo-5050 BC (kuqhathaniswa no-3600 BC waseGibhithe).   

I-Chinchorro yokucwiliswa kwezidumbu ihlukile ngokweminyaka yayo, amasu kanye nabalingiswa - iyisidumbu sokwenziwa esidala kunazo zonke sesintu kuze kube manje futhi esithuthukiswe ngendlela engavamile emiphakathini yabasebancane yabazingeli basolwandle. Umqondo wabo wokuphila kwangemva kokufa obonakala ngokucwiliswa kwemizimba okwenziwa endala kunayo yonke, waqhubeka iminyaka engaba ngu-4000 kwaze kwaba ngu-c.1720 BC⁵. Futhi, nakuba abaphezulu nabanamandla kuphela emphakathini waseGibhithe ababenelungelo lokucwiliswa izidumbu ngemva kokufa ngemva kokufa, isiko lamaChinchorro lenza izidumbu zabantu emphakathini, kungakhathaliseki isimo sabo senhlalo nesigaba.  

Ngokusobala, umphakathi waseChinchorro wawugcwele udlame kakhulu, cishe ngenxa yendlela yokuxazulula ukungqubuzana nokungezwani komphakathi, okwahlala kungashintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Inani labantu besilisa lalithinteke kakhulu⁶. 

I-Chinchorro mummification yayihilela ukugxilwa kwangaphakathi kanye nokwelashwa komzimba kwangaphandle okwanikeza imizimba isici esibonakalayo esibonakalayo, uhlobo lobuciko ekuphenduleni ukufa ukuze kuboniswe ubudlelwano phakathi kwabaphilayo nabafileyo. Ucwaningo lwezidumbu zezidumbu ze-Chinchorro lubonise izinguquko kule mikhuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ebonise njengesilinganiso sokwakha ubunikazi beqoqo.⁷.   

Ngokuqaphela ukubaluleka kwayo okuyingqayizivele kwamasiko kanye nemivubukulo yokubaluleka kwendawo yonke, i-UNESCO ifake indawo yaseChinchorro ohlwini lwamagugu Omhlaba muva nje zingama-27 kuJulayi 2021.⁸.  

Ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngobuciko bomngcwabo bokucwiliswa kwezidumbu kwe-Chinchorro luzosikhanyisela okwengeziwe ngesici sezenhlalo namasiko kanye nempilo enhle yezomnotho yabantu baseChinchorro.

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References:  

1. I-Vronskaya A. 2010. Ukubumba Iphakade: Ukulondolozwa Komzimba Ka-Lenin. Ama-Thresholds 2010; (38): 10-13. I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00170  

2. U-Leese D., 2012. Indawo Lapho Amadoda Amakhulu Elala Khona? USihlalo weMao Memorial Hall. Ku: Izindawo Zenkumbulo e-Modern China. Isahluko 4. Amakhasi: 91–129. I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004220966_005  

3. I-Alcor Life Extension Foundation 2020. Itholakala ku-inthanethi ku- https://www.alcor.org/ 

4. Tomorad, M., 2009. "Imikhuba yomngcwabo yaseGibhithe lasendulo kusukela enkulungwaneni yokuqala yeminyaka BC kuya ekunqobeni kwama-Arab eGibhithe (c. 1069 BC-642 AD)". Ifa laseGibhithe. 2:12–28. Itholakala ku-inthanethi ngo https://www.academia.edu/907351  

5. I-UNESCO 2021. Ukuhlaliswa kanye Nokucwiliswa Kokwenziwa Kwesiko le-Chinchorro e-Thearica nase-Parinacota Region. Ukuqokwa Kwamagugu Omhlaba. IRiphabhulikhi yaseChile. Itholakala ku-inthanethi ngo https://whc.unesco.org/document/181014 

6. Standen V., Santoro C., et al 2020. Udlame kubazingeli, abadobi, nabaqoqi besiko lamaChinchorro: Imiphakathi yama-Archaic of the Atacama Desert (10,000–4,000 cal yr BP). Ishicilelwe okokuqala: 20 January 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24009 

7. Montt, I., Fiore, D., Santoro, C., & Arriaza, B. (2021). Imizimba yobudlelwano: Izindleko, izinto kanye nokufana komuntu emikhubeni yomngcwabo yaseChinchorro c. 7000–3250 BP. I-Antiquity, 1-21. I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.126 

8. I-UNESCO 2021. Uhlu Lwamagugu Omhlaba - Ukuhlaliswa kanye Nokucwiliswa Kokwenziwa KweSiko LaseChinchorro Esifundeni sase-Arica naseParinacota. Itholakala ku-inthanethi ngo https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1634/ 

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