I-Supernova SN 1181 yabonwa ngeso lenyama eJapane naseChina eminyakeni engu-843 edlule ngo-1181 CE. Nokho, insalela yayo ayizange ibonakale isikhathi eside. Ngo-2021, i-nebula Pa 30 etholakala ngasemlaza iCassiopeia yahlonzwa ne-supernova SN 1181. Inkanyezi emnyama emhlophe enkabeni ye-Pa 30 nebula, manje ebizwa ngokuthi inkanyezi kaParker, iyinsalela yomcimbi we-supernova owabangelwa ukuhlangana izindwani ezimbili ezimhlophe. Lo mcimbi we-supernova ubungavamile futhi uhlukaniswa njenge-SN Type Iax. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi insalela yale supernova iyahlangana futhi eqale muva nje cishe ngo-1990.
Umhlaba neLanga ngeke kuhlale kunje kuze kube phakade. Umhlaba uzohlala eminye iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine kuze kube yilapho iLanga lingena esigabeni salo sokugcina (kungavimbeli izinhlekelele zemvelo njengempi yenuzi, umthelela nge asteroid, ukuqhuma okukhulu kwentaba-mlilo, njll).
Ilanga liyinkanyezi evamile, esencane kakhulu emthaleni wasekhaya. Njengazo zonke izinkanyezi, i-Sun nayo inenkambo yokuphila - yazalwa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6 edlule futhi izofa esikhathini esizayo. Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-4 kusukela manje, izophelelwa i-hydrogen ebhebhezela ukuhlangana kwenuzi emnyombweni wayo ukuze kuphehlwe amandla lapho kuqala ukuwa kwamandla adonsela phansi. Ingcindezi eyengeziwe ngenxa yokugoqeka komnyombo izocupha ukuhlangana kwe-nuclear yama-elementi asindayo kumongo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokushisa leLanga lizokwanda, futhi ungqimba lwangaphandle lomkhathi welanga luzonwebeka kude emkhathini futhi lugubuzele amaplanethi aseduze kuhlanganise noMhlaba. Lesi siteji esikhulukazi esibomvu sizoqhubeka cishe iminyaka eyisigidigidi. Ekugcineni, iLanga lizobhidlika libe mnyama omhlophe.
Ngokungafani nendlela iLanga elizofa ngayo esikhathini esizayo, isigaba sokugcina senkanyezi enkulu isenzakalo sezinkanyezi. Lapho izinkanyezi ezinomthwalo welanga ongaphezu kuka-8 ziphelelwa uphethiloli wokuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi futhi zingakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla anele ukuze zimelane namandla adonsela phansi angaphakathi, umnyombo wazo uyabhidlika ngesikhathi esifushane. I-implosion idala amagagasi amakhulu okwethuka kanye nomcimbi onamandla wesikhashana okhanyayo obizwa ngokuthi i-supernova kanye nomphumela we-compact remanent (i-supernova remanent izoba inkanyezi ye-neutron uma isisindo senkanyezi yasekuqaleni siphakathi kwezingqimba zelanga eziyi-8 kuya kweziyi-20. Uma isisindo senkanyezi yasekuqaleni singaphezu kwezingu-20, khona-ke i-supernova remanent izoba umgodi omnyama).
I-Supernovae ingase futhi iqalwe ukuthungela kabusha ngokuzumayo kokuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear endaweni encane emhlophe lapho izinga lokushisa layo likhuphuka ngokwanele ukuze libangele ukuhlangana kwenuzi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhlangana nenye i-dwarf emhlophe noma ngenxa yokunqwabelana kwezinto ezivela kumngane kanambambili.
I-Supernova SN 1181
Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule, izehlakalo eziyisishiyagalolunye zezinkanyezi ezidlulayo ezikhanyayo (i-supernova) ziye zabonwa emthaleni wasekhaya i-Milky Way. Esinye isenzakalo esinamandla kangaka sabonwa futhi sabhalwa eJapane naseShayina eminyakeni engaba ngu-843 edlule ngo-1181 CE. "Inkanyezi Yezivakashi" ibonakale izinsuku ezingu-185 kusukela ngomhla ka-6 Agasti 1181 kuya ku-6 February 1182. Lokhu kwaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Supernova 1181 (SN1181) nokho, ukuhlonza insalela yayo akuzange kuqinisekiswe kuze kube muva nje.
Ukuhlonzwa kwe-Supernova Remanent SNR 1181
I-nebula eyindilinga ekhipha i-infrared emission nebula yatholwa kungobo yomlando yedatha ye-NASA ngo-2013 isazi sezinkanyezi esiyimfundamakhwela u-Dana Patchick owayiqamba ngokuthi i-nebula Pa 30. Izazi zezinkanyezi ezichwepheshile zabona isiqephu esifiphele sokukhishwa kwe-diffuse kodwa azange zithole ukukhishwa kwe-hydrogen. A idlozi elikhulu (WD) inkanyezi yatholwa ngaphakathi kwegobolondo le-infrared eminyakeni embalwa kamuva ngo-2019 eyabonisa izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele futhi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi yakhiwe ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwe-Carbon-Oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) kanye ne-Oxygen-Neon white dwarf (One WD). Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-dwarfs amabili amhlophe kubangele umcimbi we-supernova. Kamuva, ngo-2021, kwatholakala ukuthi i-nebula Pa 30 ibonisa imigqa yokukhipha sulphur kanye nesivinini sokunweba esingu-1100 km/sec. Iminyaka yayo yayilinganiselwa eminyakeni eyi-1000 futhi yatholakala isendaweni lapho 'inkanyezi yesivakashi' yabonwa khona ngo-1181 CE. Lokhu okutholakele kuholele ekuhlonzweni kwe-Pa 30 nebula etholakala ngasemlaza iCassiopeia ene-supernova eyabonwa eminyakeni engamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili edlule. Inkanyezi emnyama emhlophe enkabeni ye-Pa 30 nebula, manje ebizwa ngokuthi inkanyezi kaParker iyinsalela yomcimbi we-supernova SN1181 futhi umcimbi uhlukaniswa njenge-SN Type Iax. Ubufakazi obuvela ocwaningweni lwakamuva olwanyatheliswa ngo-2023 busekela lokhu okutholwe ngenhla.
Umoya we-stellar onesivinini esikhulu waqala ukuvunguza muva nje ngemva konyaka ka-1990
Insalela ye-SNR 1181 idalwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwama-dwarfs amabili amhlophe. Ngokuvamile, lapho ama-dwarfs amabili amhlophe ehlangana, ayaqhuma bese enyamalala. Nokho, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwakha uhlobo olungavamile lwe-supernova olubizwa ngokuthi i-Type Iax futhi kwashiya i-dwarf eyodwa emhlophe ephenduka ngokushesha. Ama-white dwarfs aphendukayo akhulula izinhlayiya ezigeleza ngokushesha (ezibizwa ngokuthi umoya wezinkanyezi) ngokushesha ngemva kokwakheka kwawo. Kulokhu, inkanyezi emaphakathi ye-P 30 nebula ibonisa imicu eminingi ehlangana eduze kwenkanyezi emaphakathi ngenxa yomoya wezinkanyezi ezisheshayo ovunguza phezu kwegobolondo le-supernova ejecta. Izazi zezinkanyezi zibone indawo yokushaqeka kwangaphandle kanye nesifunda sokushaqeka kwangaphakathi ku-SNR 1181.
Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, abacwaningi bahlaziye idatha yakamuva ye-X-ray futhi benza imodeli ebonisa ukuthi usayizi obonwayo wesifunda sokushaqeka kwangaphakathi awulingani nobukhulu obulindelekile lapho umoya we-stellar uqalile ukuvunguza ngokushesha ngemva kokwakhiwa kwensalela. Ngokomfanekiso wabo wekhompiyutha, ubukhulu bangempela obubonwayo bendawo yokushaqeka kwangaphakathi bubonisa ukuthi umoya wezinkanyezi ezinesivinini esikhulu waqala ukuvunguza muva nje ngemva konyaka ka-1990. Lokhu kuyamangalisa ngempela. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthi enye i-supernova ejecta yawela emuva endaweni encane emhlophe kamuva okwakhuphula izinga lokushisa nokucindezela okungaphezu komkhawulo ukuvumela ukuqala kokusabela kwe-thermonuclear nokuvutha kuqale kabusha. Abacwaningi manje basebenzela ekuqinisekiseni imodeli.
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References:
- Ritter A., et al 2021. Insali kanye nomsuka we-Supernova yomlando 1181 AD. Izincwadi ze-Astrophysical Journal. 918 (2): L33. i-arXiv: 2105.12384. I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac2253
- I-Schaefer BE, 2023. Indlela esuka ekubonweni kwamaShayina namaJapane kwe-supernova 1181 AD, kuya ku-Type Iax supernova, kuya ekuhlanganisweni kwamancane amancane e-CO kanye ne-ONE. Izaziso zanyanga zonke zeRoyal Astronomical Society, Umqulu 523, Ukukhishwa kwesi-3, Agasti 2023, Amakhasi 3885–3904. I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad717 . Inguqulo yokuphrinta i-arXiv: 2301.04807
- Takatoshi Ko, et al 2024. “Imodeli eguquguqukayo ye-IRAS 00500+6713: insalela yohlobo lwe-Iax supernova SN 1181 ephethe umkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe owohlokayo kabili WD J005311,” The Astrophysical Journal: July 5, 2024, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d99
- Inyuvesi yaseTokyo. Ukukhishwa kwabezindaba - Umoya omusha uvunguza uvela ku-supernova yomlando. Kuthunyelwe ngomhla ka-5 Julayi 2024. Itholakala e- https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/en/press/z0508_00361.html
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