Ukutholwa Kwekhandidethi lokuqala le-Exoplanet ngaphandle kwe-Galaxy yethu Yekhaya Milky Way

Ukutholwa kokuqala exoplanet ikhandidethi ku-X-ray kanambambili i-M51-ULS-1 ku-spiral galaxy Messier 51 (M51), ebizwa nangokuthi iWhirlpool I-Galaxy ukusebenzisa indlela yokuhamba ngokubheka ukucwiliswa ekukhanyeni kumaza wamaza e-X-ray (esikhundleni samaza okukhanya amaza) kuyadabukisa futhi kuyashintsha umdlalo ngoba kunqoba umkhawulo wokubhekwa kokucwiliswa kokukhanya kumaza okukhanya futhi kuvule indlela yokusesha. exoplanets emithala yangaphandle. Ukutholwa kanye nezimpawu ze amaplanethi emithala engaphandle kunemithelela ebalulekile ekusesheni ukuphila okungaphezulu komhlaba.  

“Kodwa baphi bonke abantu?” UFermi wayevele waphuma, kudala ehlobo lika-1950, ecabanga ukuthi kungani bungekho ubufakazi banoma iyiphi impilo engaphandle komhlaba (ET) ngaphandle isikhala naphezu kwamathuba amaningi okuba khona kwayo. Izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zekhulu leminyaka edlule lowo mugqa odumile, namanje abukho ubufakazi banoma iyiphi impilo noma kuphi ngaphandle koMhlaba, kodwa ukusesha kuyaqhubeka futhi enye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zalokhu kusesha ukutholwa amaplanethi ngaphandle kwesimiso sonozungezilanga kanye nezimpawu zayo ukuze uthole amasignesha angaba khona empilo.   

phezu 4300 exoplanets zitholwe emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule okungenzeka noma zingabi nezimo ezifanele ukusekela ukuphila. Bonke batholakala ekhaya lethu galaxy. Cha exoplanet kwaziwa ukuthi kutholwe ngaphandle kweMilky Way. Eqinisweni, abukho ubufakazi obusekela umbono wokuba khona kwesimiso seplanethi kunoma iyiphi yangaphandle galaxy.   

Ososayensi manje sebebikile Ukutholakala okungenzeka exoplanet ikhandidethi kokungaphandle galaxy okokuqala. Lokhu extrasolar planet iku-spiral galaxy Messier 51 (M51), ebizwa nangokuthi iWhirlpool I-Galaxy, esendaweni engaba yiminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-28 ukukhanya kude nasekhaya galaxy umthamo wezinkanyezi.  

Imvamisa, a planet itholwa ngendlela yokubuka ukusitheka kwenyanga ekukhiqizayo lapho ihamba phambi kwayo inkanyezi ngenkathi ukujikeleza azungeze kanjalo avimbe ukukhanya okuvela ku inkanyezi (isu lezokuthutha). Lo mcimbi ubhekwa njengokufiphala kwesikhashana kwenkanyezi. Sesha i exoplanet kuhlanganisa ukucinga amadiphu ekukhanyeni a inkanyezi. Enye indlela yokuthola i- amaplanethi ngezilinganiso ze-radial velocity. Konke exoplanets kutholwe kusetshenziswa lezi zindlela emthaleni wasekhaya emabangeni amafushane aphakathi kwe-intra-galactic ebangeni leminyaka yokukhanya engu-3000.  

Nokho, ukucinga amadiphu ekukhanyeni kumabanga amakhudlwana aphakathi kwemithala ukuze kutholwe exoplanets ngaphandle kwe-Milky Way kuwumsebenzi okhuphukayo ngoba umthala wangaphandle uthatha indawo encane esibhakabhakeni kanye nokuminyana okuphezulu izinkanyezi ayikuvumeli ukucwaninga kwenkanyezi ngayinye ngemininingwane eyanele ukuze kunikwe amandla ukutholwa kwamasignesha a planet. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusesha ku-optical wavelength kumthala wangaphandle bekungenzeki kuze kube manje futhi cha. exoplanet ngaphandle komthala wasekhaya ungatholakala. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luyadabukisa futhi luyashintsha umdlalo ngoba lubonakala lunqoba lo mkhawulo ngokubheka ukucwiliswa kokukhanya kumaza wamaza e-X-ray (esikhundleni samaza okukhanya), futhi luvula indlela yokusesha. exoplanets kweminye imithala.  

Ama-X-ray binaries (XRBs) emithaleni yangaphandle abhekwa njengelungele ukusesha exoplanets. Lawa (okungukuthi, ama-XRB) ayikilasi lokunambambili izinkanyezi eyakhiwe inkanyezi evamile kanye nenkanyezi egoqiwe efana ne-white dwarf noma a umgodi omnyama. Lapho izinkanyezi sezisondele ngokwanele, izinto ezivela enkanyezini evamile zikhishwa enkanyezini evamile ziye enkanyezini eminyene ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-accreting material eseduze nenkanyezi eminyene ishisa kakhulu futhi ikhanye kuma-X ray avela njengemithombo ye-X-ray ekhanyayo (ama-XRS).  

Ngombono wokuthola amaplanethi ukujikeleza Amabhinari e-X-ray (ama-XRB), ithimba labacwaningi lifune ukucwiliswa ekukhazimuleni kwe-X ray okutholwe kumabhinari e-X-ray akhanyayo (ama-XRB) emithala emithathu yangaphandle, i-M51, i-M101, ne-M104.  

Ithimba lagcina ligxile ku-X-ray kanambambili i-M51-ULS-1 engomunye wemithombo ye-X-ray egqame kakhulu kumthala uM51. Ukucwiliswa ekukhanyeni kwe-X-ray okwatholwa isibonakude sika-Chandra kwabonwa. Idatha emayelana nokucwilisa ekukhanyeni yahlolwa ukuze kutholwe amathuba ahlukahlukene futhi yatholwa ifanele ukuthuthwa yiplanethi, okungenzeka ukuthi ilingana nosayizi weSaturn.  

Lolu cwaningo luphinde lube yinoveli yokwenza ucwaningo lwe exoplanets ngempumelelo okokuqala ngqa ku-X-ray wavelength. Ezingeni elibanzi, lolu phawu lwezwe Ukutholakala of exoplanet ngaphandle komthala wethu wasekhaya wandisa ububanzi bokusesha exoplanets kweminye imithala yangaphandle, enomthelela ekufuneni ukuphila okuhlakaniphile okungaphezu komhlaba.   

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Imithombo:  

1. U-Di Stefano, R., Berndtsson, J., Urquhart, R. et al. Umuntu ongaba ikhandidethi leplanethi kumthala wangaphandle utholwe ngokuhamba kwe-X-ray. I-Nature Astronomy (2021). I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01495-w. Itholakala ku-inthanethi futhi ku- https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2021/m51/m51_paper.pdf. Inguqulo yokuphrinta iyatholakala https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.08987.pdf  

2. NASA. U-Chandra Ubona Ubufakazi Beplanethi Engenzeka Kwenye I-Galaxy. Itholakala ku-inthanethi ngo https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2021/m51/ 

3. NASA. Isayensi -Izinto - X-ray Binary Stars. Itholakala ku-inthanethi ngo https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/binary_stars2.html  

4. Schwieterman E., Kiang N., et al 2018. I-Exoplanet Biosignatures: Ukubuyekezwa Kwezimpawu Zokuphila Ezitholakala Ukude. I-Astrobiology Vol. 18, No. 6. Ishicilelwe ku-inthanethi ngomhla ka-1 Jun 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1729